Vitamin B12,, is a polycyclic compound containing 3-valent cobalt, and 4 reduced pyrrole rings are connected together to form 1 macroring (similar to porphyrin), which is the only vitamin containing metallic elements. Vitamin B12 is a red crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, and ether, [7] is the most stable under the condition of weak acid at pH value of 4.5~5.0, decomposed in strong acid (pH<2) or alkaline solution, and can be damaged to a certain extent when heated. Higher animals and plants cannot produce vitamin B12, and vitamin B12 in nature is synthesized by microorganisms. Vitamin B12 is the only vitamin that needs the help of a secretion from the cells of the stomach parietal cells [8] (endogenous factor) to be absorbed, and is involved in the production of bone marrow red blood cells, preventing pernicious anemia, and preventing damage to brain nerves.B12 is known to be a coenzyme of several mutases, such as the methylaspartate mutase that catalyzes the conversion of Glu to methylAsp, and the methylmalonyl CoA mutase that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. B12 coenzyme also participates in the transfer reaction of methyl and other one carbon units.
B12 does not exist in plants, but is abundant in fish, eggs, meat, and liver. Intestinal bacteria can synthesize it, so it is generally not lacking. However, B12 is a vitamin that vegetarians easily lack and an essential element for red blood cell production. If severely lacking, it can lead to malignant anemia!
Vitamin B12 is a quite unique vitamin that is almost completely absent from vegetables, with only seaweed and seaweed containing it. In addition, vitamin B12 is also the only vitamin that contains essential minerals. It turns red due to its cobalt content, also known as red vitamin, and is one of the few colored vitamins. Although vitamin B12 belongs to group B vitamins, it can be stored in the liver. After using up the storage capacity, symptoms of deficiency will only appear after more than six months. The human body requires very little vitamin B12, and as long as the diet is normal, it will not be lacking. A small number of people with poor absorption and vegetarians should pay special attention.
Vitamin B12 in food binds to proteins and enters the human digestive tract. Under the action of gastric acid, pepsin, and trypsin, vitamin B12 is released and binds to a glycoprotein intrinsic factor (IF) secreted by gastric mucosal cells. The vitamin B12-IF complex is absorbed in the ileum. The storage amount of vitamin B12 is very small, about 2-3 mg in the liver. Mainly excreted from urine, partially from bile.
There are two main physiological functions: as a cofactor of methyltransferase, it participates in the synthesis of methionine, thymine, etc., such as converting methyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and transferring methyl to methyl receptors (such as homocysteine), making methyl receptors become methyl derivatives (such as methionine or methylhomocysteine), and the reaction is shown in the figure. Therefore, vitamin B12 can promote protein biosynthesis and affect the growth and development of infants and young children when lacking Protect the transfer and storage of folate within cells. When vitamin B12 is deficient, the folate content in human red blood cells is low, and the folate stored in the liver is reduced. This may be related to vitamin B12 deficiency, which causes difficulty in transferring methyl groups from homocysteine to methionine. Methyl groups aggregate inside the cell, damaging the storage of tetrahydrofolate inside the cell. This is because tetrahydrofolate has a strong tendency to combine with methyl groups to form methyltetrahydrofolate, which synthesizes polyglutamic acid. Main functions
1. Promote the development and maturation of red blood cells, keep the body's hematopoietic function in a normal state, and prevent pernicious anemia; Maintaining neurological health
2. In the form of coenzymes, folate utilization can be increased, promoting the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins;
3. It has the function of activating amino acids and promoting the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, which can promote protein synthesis and play an important role in the growth and development of infants and young children.
4. Metabolize fatty acids to enable the body to use fats, carbohydrates, and proteins appropriately
5. Eliminate irritability, focus, enhance memory, and
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