A brief history of research
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Biochemical reactionsIn 1876, the German surgeon and pharmacist Georg Ledderhose was the first to isolate glucosamine from the hydrolysate of chitin, but it was not until Walter Howorth, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in 1939, determined the three-dimensional structure of glucosamine.
Physicochemical properties
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Natural D-glucosamine is found in the form of 6-phosphate, which is the biochemical precursor of all amino sugars. In the first step of the hexosamine synthesis pathway, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine. The final product of the synthesis pathway is uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is the donor of N-acetylglucosamine residues for glycosaminopolysaccharides, proteoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, etc.
Specific Rotation 42° (c=2,water,2 hrs)
Fields of application
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Health
Because glucosamine is a precursor to glycosaminopolysaccharides (mucopolysaccharides), which are the main components of articular cartilage, glucosamine is often used as an adjunct to osteoarthritis. Glucosamine supplementation may help rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis, but the medical community is currently inconclusive about its efficacy. Experiments have shown that glucosamine is no more effective at relieving pain than placebo used in the reference group.
Use: The dose of oral glucosamine is usually 1500 mg daily. Glucosamine is commercially available in the form of sulfate or hydrochloride and is used in combination with dimethyl sulfone and chondroitin sulfate.
Safety: Although glucosamine may not be effective, at least the medical community has consistently recognized that there is no danger in taking glucosamine.
However, there are often problems with excessive sodium content or added preservatives in general products. Although there is no danger associated with taking glucosamine, these additional ingredients can sometimes cause some side effects to older consumers.
People who are allergic to crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs are worried that glucosamine will cause allergic reactions, but since the allergens of shrimp and crabs actually come from their meat, glucosamine from the shell itself will not cause allergies in such people. In addition, glucosamine made from fungi or grains is also available for people who are concerned about allergies. It has been suggested that excessive intake of glucosamine may affect normal hexosamine biosynthesis in the body, but current research has not shown such an effect. The National Institutes of Health also studied the effects of glucosamine supplementation in selected obese populations in 2003, as these populations may be sensitive to glucosamine for resistance.
Glucosamine is not a human drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is only administered as a dietary additive. In Europe, glucosamine is approved as a drug and is marketed as sulfate.
derivative
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In addition to the most common type of glucosamine, 2-glucosamine, there are other locations of substituted glucose. Include:
3-Glucosamine: CAS number is 7284-37-9
4-Glucosamine: CAS
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