Sorbitol is a substitute for sugar and has the INS and E numbers 420 when used in food. Sorbitol is about 60% as sweet as table sugar (table sugar).
Sorbitol is known as a nutritional sweetener because it provides dietary energy :2.6 kcal (11 kJ/g) compared to an average of 4 kcal (17 kJ) for carbohydrates. It is commonly used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice cream), mints, cough syrups, and sugar-free gum. Most bacteria cannot use sorbitol for energy, but can slowly ferment in the mouth via Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium that causes tooth decay. In contrast, many other sugar alcohols, such as isomaltolose and xylitol, are considered non-acid-producing.
It is also found naturally in many stone fruits and berries of sorbus trees.
The use of sorbitol for editing edulcorant Sorbitol is a sugar substitute and has its INS number and E number of 420 when used in food products. Sorbitol is about 60% sweet than sucrose (edible sugar). Sorbitol is called a nutritional sweetener because it provides dietary energy: 2.6 kcal (11 kilojiao per) gram relative to an average of 4 kcal (kilojoule 17) for carbohydrates. It is commonly used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice creams), mints, cough syrup, and sugar-free chewing gum. Most bacteria do not use sorbitol for energy, but they can slowly ferment in the mouth through Streptococcus mutans (a bacterium that causes tooth decay). In contrast, many other sugar alcohols such as isommaltocan and xylitol are considered non-acidogenic. It also is naturally found in many nuclefruits and berries of sorbaceous trees. Medical applications lustramentum Like other sugar alcohols, foods containing sorbitol can also cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Sorbitol can be used as a laxative or enema taken orally. Sorbitol acts as a laxative by inhaling water into the large bowel to stimulate defecation. Sorbitol has been established to be safe for use in older adults, although it is not recommended without physician guidance. Sorbitol is present in some dried fruits and may contribute to the laxative effect of plums. Sorbitol was first discovered in the fresh fruit juice of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) berries in 1872. It can also be found in the fruits of apples, plums, pears, cherries, dates, peaches and apricots. Other medical applications Sorbitol was used in bacterial media to distinguish pathogenic E. coli O157: H7 from most other E. coli strains because, unlike the 93% of known E. coli strains, sorbitol is normally unable to ferment sorbitol. A sodium polystyrene sulfonate (trade name Kayexalate) for hyperkalemia (blood raised potassium). Resin exchanges sodium ions in the intestine into potassium ions, while sorbitol helps eliminate peristalsis. In 2010, the US FDA issued a warning that this combination increases the risk of gastrointestinal necrosis. Sorbitol is also used in the production of soft capsules to store a single agent of liquid drugs. Health care, food, and cosmetic use Sorbitol is often used as a moisturizer and thickening agent in modern cosmetics. It is also used in mouthwash and toothpaste. Because of the high refractive index of sorbitol, some transparent gels can only be made from sorbitol. Sorbitol is used as an antifreeze additive in the production of fish millet (processed fish paste) (mixed with sucrose and sodium polyphosphate). It is also used as a moisturizer in certain cigarettes. Sorbitol can be used not only as a sugar substitute in low-sugar foods, but also as a moisturizer in low-moisture foods such as biscuits and peanut butter and preserved fruit. It is also valuable during baking because it acts as a plasticizer and slows down the aging process. Other uses A mixture of sorbitol andhas been used with some success as an amateur solid rocket fuel. Sorbitol is considered as a potential key chemical intermediate for the production of fuels from biomass resources. In the presence of metal catalysts, carbohydrate grades in biomass (e. g., cellulose) are sequentially hydrolyzed and hydrogenated to produce sorbitol. The complete reduction of sorbitol opens the way to alkanes (e. g., ), which can be used as biofuels. The hydrogen required for this reaction can be produced by the aqueous catalytic reforming of sorbitol. 19 C 6 H 14 O 6 →13 C 6 H 14 + 36 CO 2 + 42 H 2 O The upper chemical reaction is exothermic, with 1.5 mol of sorbitol producing about 1 mol of the hydrogen is fed together, no carbon dioxide is produced. Sorbitol-based polyols are used in the production of polyurethane foam in the construction industry. Yeast is also added after electroporation in the transformation protocol, thus restoring the cells by increasing the osmolarity of the medium. Editor of medical importance Aldose reductase is present in the first enzyme sorbitol by the aldose reductase pathway responsible for reduction of glucose to sorbitol, as well as for reduction of galactose to galactool. Excessive sorbitol captured in retinal cells, lens cells, and Schwann cells that myelinate peripheral nerves is a common result of long-term hyperhyperglycemia, while diabetes is not well controlled. This may destroy these cells, leading to retinopathy, cataract, and peripheral neuropathy. Aldose reductase inhibitors are substances that prevent or slow down the action of aldose reductase and are currently being investigated to prevent or delay these complications. Sorbitol is fermented in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids, which are beneficial to the health of the whole colon. Unfavorable medical impact on editing People with untreated celiac disease often develop sorbitol malabsorption due to small bowel injury. Sorbitol ill-absorption is an important cause of the persistence of symptoms in patients who are already on a gluten-free diet. Due to the strict correlation between the cut-off values and intestinal lesions, the sorbitol hydrogen breath test has been suggested as a tool to detect celiac disease. However, although it can be used for research purposes, it is not recommended for diagnostic tools in clinical practice. It has been noted that the addition of sorbitol to sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS, for the treatment of hyperkalemia) causes gastrointestinal complications, including bleeding, perforated ulcers, ischemic colitis, and colon necrosis, especially in uremic patients. Risk factors for sorbitol-induced damage include immunosuppression, hypovolemia, postoperative environment, post-hemodialysis hypotension, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, SPS-sorbitol should be cautious in the treatment of hyperkalemia. Excessive effect editing High intake of sorbitol can cause abdominal pain, flatulence, and mild to severe diarrhea. More than 20 grams (0.7 ounces) of gum gum consumed per day habitual diarrhea causes severe diarrhea, unexpected weight loss and even hospitalization. In early studies, a daily dose of 25 grams of sorbitol was only diarrhea in 5% of people. Due to the large molecular weight of sorbitol, when large amounts of sorbitol are ingested, only a small amount of sorbitol is absorbed in the small intestine, and most of sorbitol enters the colon, thus producing gastrointestinal effects.
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