Hyaluronic acid is an acidic mucopolysaccharide, which was first isolated from the bovine eye vitreous body by Meyer, professor of ophthalmology at Columbia University in 1934. With its unique molecular structure and physical and chemical properties, hyaluronic acid shows a variety of important physiological functions in the body, such as lubricating joints, regulating the permeability of blood vessel walls, regulating protein, water and electrolyte diffusion and operation, and promoting wound healing.
name
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hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronic acid, hyal- means glassy, bright and transparent, and uronic acid refers to uronic acid, which has nothing to do with uric acid.
structure
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Karl Meyer's laboratory elucidated the chemical structure of hyaluronic acid in the 1950s. Hyaluronic acid is a kind of high polymer, which is composed of D-glucuronic acid and n-acetylglucosamine. D-glucuronic acid and n-acetylglucosamine are linked by a β-1, 3-glycogen bond, and disaccharide units are linked by a β-1, 4-glycogen bond. Disaccharide units can be as high as 25,000. The molecular weight of hyaluronic acid in the body ranges from 5,000 to 20 million dorr.
Molecular formula: (C14H21NO11)n
The structural formula is shown in Figure 1
Main use
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Biochemical drugs with high clinical value are widely used in various eye surgeries, such as lens implantation, corneal transplantation and anti-glaucoma surgery. It can also be used to treat arthritis and speed wound healing. When used in cosmetics, it can play a unique role in protecting the skin, keeping the skin moisturized and smooth, delicate and tender, elastic, with anti-wrinkle, anti-wrinkle, beauty and health care and restore the physiological function of the skin. [1]
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The production process and technology of hyaluronic acid determine the difference between good and bad quality, so the use of products must be produced from the right source in order to have therapeutic effects. Generally speaking, there are three methods of refining:
Extraction method
principle
Animal tissue
The main raw materials are chicken comb and ox eye vitreous body. The raw material was degreased with or ethanol, dehydrated, soaked in distilled water, filtered, then treated with sodium chloride aqueous solution and solution, then added with trypsin to keep warm to get mixed solution, and finally treated with ion exchange agent to purify and obtain refined hyaluronic acid. The extraction rate of this method is very low, only about 1%, and the separation process is complex, resulting in the high price of hyaluronic acid, up to $5000 / kg, which limits the use of large amounts in cosmetics.
Microbial fermentation
With glucose as the carbon source fermentation liquid, fermentation in the medium for 48 hours, after the end of fermentation, filtration to remove mycelium and impurities, and then by alcohol precipitation and other simple operations to obtain high-purity products. The advantage of hyaluronic acid manufactured by fermentation is that the molecular weight size can be set according to the commercial design, and the key of fermentation is the choice of bacteria, more streptococcus, lactococcus and so on.
Chemical synthesis
Using natural enzyme polymerization reaction; Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by using a polysaccharide polymer to synthesize "hyaluronic acid oxazecyclopentene derivative", and then adding a water decomposition enzyme to create a complex of derivatives and enzymes, and finally removing the enzyme in the reaction solution at 90 ° C to synthesize hyaluronic acid. The synthetic method can greatly reduce the manufacturing cost of hyaluronic acid, but the structure is less pure.
The same is the product of hyaluronic acid, because of the difference in raw material source and production technology, it has a significant impact on the effect. The concentration of the product can not be used as a reference for the selection of products, purity, molecular weight, 3D three-dimensional structure will directly affect the water absorption effect of hyaluronic acid. Usually, the larger the molecular weight, the more complete the network structure, and the best water absorption effect. Maintenance products and cosmetics are popular in the street, but many manufacturers homemade hyaluronic acid, cheap, but not necessarily effective, and even some people to promote oral hyaluronic acid, after gastrointestinal absorption will be broken down into sugars and amino acids small units of molecules, or must be generated through self-synthesis and other steps in the skin, connective tissue, its effect must also be reduced.
Unlike other glycosaminoglycans
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HA is very different from other glycosaminoglycans, it is not sulfated, not covalent to proteins, but exists in free form or non-covalent complex form, although its structure is relatively simple but relatively high molecular weight, it is the only glycosaminoglycans not limited to animal tissues and also produced in bacteria.
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