Main components
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Hyaluronic acid is an acidic mucopolysaccharide, which was first isolated from bovine vitreous by ophthalmologists Meyer and others at Columbia University in 1934. Hyaluronic acid exhibits various important physiological functions in the body due to its unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties, such as lubricating joints, regulating vascular wall permeability, regulating protein, water electrolyte diffusion and operation, and promoting wound healing.
name
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Hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronic acid, means shiny and transparent like glass, while uronic acid refers to uronic acid and has nothing to do with uric acid.
structure
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Carl Mayer's laboratory elucidated the chemical structure of hyaluronic acid in the 1950s. Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of high molecular weight, consisting of units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine as advanced polysaccharides. The interaction between D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine β- 1,3-glycoside bonds are connected, and the disaccharide units are separated by β- 1,4-glycosidic bonds are connected. The disaccharide unit can reach up to 25000. The molecular weight of hyaluronic acid in the body ranges from 5000 to 20 million daels.
Molecular formula: (C14H21NO11) n
The structural formula is shown in Figure 1
Main uses
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Biochemical drugs with high clinical value are widely used in various ophthalmic surgeries, such as lens implantation, corneal transplantation, and anti glaucoma surgery. It can also be used to treat arthritis and accelerate wound healing. When used in cosmetics, it can have a unique protective effect on the skin, keeping it moist, smooth, delicate, and elastic. It has the functions of anti wrinkle, anti wrinkle, beauty and health care, and restoring skin physiological functions. [1]
type
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The production process and technology of hyaluronic acid determine the difference in quality, so products produced from the correct source must be used to have therapeutic effects. Generally speaking, there are three methods of extraction:
Extract Method
principle
Animal tissue
The main ingredients are chicken crowns and bovine vitreous bodies. The raw materials are defatted and dehydrated with or ethanol, soaked in distilled water, filtered, and then treated with sodium chloride aqueous solution and solution. After adding trypsin for insulation, a mixed solution is obtained. Finally, refined hyaluronic acid is treated and purified with ion exchange agent. This method has an extremely low extraction rate of only about 1%, and the separation process is complex, resulting in an expensive price of hyaluronic acid, reaching up to $5000 per kilogram, which limits its large-scale use in cosmetics.
Microbial fermentation
Using glucose as a carbon source fermentation broth, ferment in the culture medium for 48 hours. After fermentation, filter out the mycelium and impurities, and then use simple operations such as alcohol precipitation to obtain high-purity products. The advantage of using fermentation method to produce hyaluronic acid is that the molecular weight can be set according to the product design. The key to fermentation method lies in the selection of bacterial strains, such as streptococci and lactococci.
chemical synthesis
Using natural enzyme polymerization reaction; Firstly, a polysaccharide polymer is used to synthesize "hyaluronic acid oxaziridine derivatives", followed by the addition of water degrading enzymes to create a complex of derivatives and enzymes
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