Certification: | QS, CCC, RoHS, ISO, CE |
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Shape: | Powder |
Type: | Coloring Adsorption |
Quality: | Excellent |
Function: | Trace Elements Additive |
Transport Package: | Paper |
Samples: |
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Soy protein concentrate, rapeseed protein concentrate, wheat gluten, and corn gluten are important protein sources for fish feeds. Soy and rapeseed protein concentrates are produced from press cake remaining after oil is removed. Press cake is washed with water/alcohol mixtures to remove soluble carbohydrates, leaving protein, fiber, and some nonsoluble carbohydrates. Wheat gluten is the separation product from wheat starch by the wet milling process and has a minimum guaranteed protein content of 75% (Apper-Bossard et al., 2013). Wheat gluten is considered one of the best plant protein concentrates to use in fish feed due to its high protein digestibility and the fact that it lacks antinutritional factors, with the exception of phytic acid (Gatlin et al., 2007). Corn gluten meal is a high-protein (60%) by-product of corn processing to remove oil, starch, and bran. High-protein corn gluten meal is commonly used in feeds and is similar to corn gluten meal except that nonsoluble residues remaining after refining are not included in the product.
Brewery and distiller's by-products are another major plant protein supplement category. These products are dried materials remaining after brewing or distilling corn, rye, rice, and other grains to make beer and ethanol. Most of the starch in the grains is fermented to alcohol, which is distilled, thereby concentrating the protein and fiber fractions. Brewer's dried grains and brewer's yeast are by-products of brewing that are sometimes used in fish feed formulation. The protein and fiber content of brewer's dried grains are 27% and 13%, respectively. Brewer's dried yeast contains about 44% protein and only 3% fiber. Brewer's grains have limited use in fish diets because of their bulk and the difficulty in grinding it to a consistent particle size. Brewer's yeast acts as a binder in some formulations, but its use is limited because of its relatively high cost. Three main distilling by-products are available as feed ingredients: distillers' dried solubles, which is the dried stillage fraction; distillers' dried grains, which is the fraction remaining after removal of the stillage; and distillers' dried grains with solubles, which is a combination of stillage and grain sediments. The protein content of these products ranges from 26% to 28%, while the crude fiber level is higher in the dried grains (9%-11%) than in the dried solubles (4%-5%).
A fourth group of plant protein supplements includes concentrates from peas, beans, and lentils. Seeds from peas, beans, and lentils contain 20%-30% protein, but the protein content can be increased considerably by using air classification to reduce hulls and starch.
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